This report is one in a series which establishes ambient water quality criteria for British Columbia. The criteria are safe conditions or levels of a variable which have province-wide application and are set to protect various water uses. This report sets criteria for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to protect freshwater and marine aquatic life, and irrigation. Criteria for drinking water, wildlife, recreation, and livestock watering were not set in this document for two main reasons: (a) a PCB criterion for drinking water is under review by Health and Welfare Canada, and (b) there is a lack of pertinent information on effects of PCBs in waters used for wildlife, livestock watering, and primary-contact recreation. Additionally, it was noted that water was a minor source of PCB body burden for humans and animals and there was more likelihood of adverse effects from PCBs in the environment due to consumption of contaminated foods. The criteria are summarized in Table 1. at the back of this report.

Aquatic life is the most sensitive water use with respect to polychlorinated biphenyls. The aquatic life (freshwater and marine) criterion recommended in this document is one (freshwater) to two (marine) orders of magnitude lower than the Canadian Water Quality Guidelines (CCREM, 1987; CCME, 1991). There are no CCREM guidelines for irrigation water use for which we have also set criteria.

A major use of the criteria is to set ambient water quality objectives. The objectives are the criteria modified or adopted to protect the most sensitive designated water use in a particular body of water. The objectives are used in the preparation of waste management Permits, Orders, or Approvals, which are the only documents to have legal standing.

TABLES

Table 1: Summary of Criteria for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

Water Use	PCBs	Recommended Maximum Concentration
Drinking Water Supply	—	None proposed
Wildlife	—	None proposed
Livestock Water Supply	—	None proposed
Irrigation Water	Total	0.5 µg/L
Primary Contact Recreation	—	None proposed
Freshwater and Marine Aquatic Life	Total PCB #105 PCB #169 PCB #77 PCB #126	0.1 ng/L 0.09 ng/L 0.06 ng/L 0.04 ng/L 0.00025 ng/L
Freshwater and Marine Aquatic Life - Fish and/or Shellfish (for wildlife consumption: whole animal)	Total	0.1 µg/g wet weight
Freshwater and Marine Aquatic Life - Fish and/or Shellfish (for human consumption: edible tissue only)	Total	2.0 µg/g wet weight
Freshwater and Marine Aquatic Life - Sediment (*containing 1% organic carbon)	Total	0.02 µg/g dry weight

*If sediment organic carbon is not 1%, the criteria is = (0.02 µg/g) x (1% organic carbon content).

Preface

THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, LANDS AND PARKS (now called Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection) develops province-wide ambient water quality guidelines for variables that are important in the surface waters of British Columbia. This work has the following goals:

to provide guidelines for the evaluation of data on water, sediment, and biota
to provide guidelines for the establishment of site-specific ambient water quality objectives

Ambient water quality objectives for specific waterbodies will be based on the guidelines and also consider present and future uses, waste discharges, hydrology/limnology/oceanography, and existing background water quality. The process for establishing water quality objectives is more fully outlined in Principles for Preparing Water Quality Objectives in British Columbia, copies of which are available from Water Quality Section of the Water Management Branch.

Neither guidelines nor objectives which are derived from them, have any legal standing. The objectives, however, can be used to calculate allowable limits or levels for contaminants in waste discharges. These limits are set out in waste management permits and thus have legal standing. The objectives are not usually incorporated as conditions of the permit.

The definition adopted for a guideline is:

A maximum and/or a minimum value for a physical, chemical or biological characteristic of water, sediment or biota, which should not be exceeded to prevent specified detrimental effects from occurring to a water use, including aquatic life, under specified environmental conditions.

The guidelines are province-wide in application, are use-specific, and are developed for some or all of the following specific water uses:

Raw drinking, public water supply and food processing
Aquatic life and wildlife
Agriculture (livestock watering and irrigation)
Recreation and aesthetics
Industrial (water supplies)

The guidelines are set after considering the scientific literature, guidelines from other jurisdictions, and general conditions in British Columbia. The scientific literature gives information on the effects of toxicants on various life forms. This information is not always conclusive because it is usually based on laboratory work which, at best, only approximates actual field conditions. To compensate for this uncertainty, guidelines have built-in safety factors which are conservative but reflect natural background conditions in the province.

The site-specific water quality objectives are, in most cases, the same as guidelines. However, in some cases, such as when natural background levels exceed the guidelines, the objectives could be less stringent than the guidelines. In relatively rare instances, for example if the resource is unusually valuable or of special provincial significance, the safety factor could be increased by using objectives which are more stringent than the guidelines. Another approach in such special cases is to develop site-specific guidelines by carrying out toxicity experiments in the field. This approach is costly and time-consuming and therefore seldom used.

Guidelines are subject to review and revision as new information becomes available, or as other circumstances dictate.

The guidelines apply to the ambient raw water source before it is diverted or treated for domestic use.

The Ministry of Health regulates the quality of water for domestic use after it is treated and delivered by a water purveyor.

Guidelines relating to public health at bathing beaches are the same as those used by the Ministry of Health which regulates the recreation and aesthetic use.

Recommended Guidelines

These criteria are based on information presented in a technical appendix and are summarized in Table 1.

1. DRINKING WATER SUPPLY

Criteria for PCBs in drinking water are not recommended in this document primarily because the drinking water criterion for PCBs is under review by Health and Welfare Canada. In British Columbia, PCB levels in ambient waters appear to be low (e.g., lower than the U.S. EPA advisory level of 0.5 µg/L at the cancer risk level of 10-4) and, as a result, drinking water was not considered to be a significant source of PCB body burden in humans.

CCREM (now known as CCME or the Canadian Council of Environment Ministers) did not recommend a PCB guideline for drinking water.

2. AQUATIC LIFE

2.1 Water

For the protection of freshwater and marine aquatic life and consumers of fish and shellfish (e.g., wildlife), it is recommended that the total PCB concentration in water should not exceed 0.1 ng/L.

Additionally it is recommended that the concentrations of:
- 3,3',4,4' - tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB #77) should not exceed 0.04 ng/L
- 2,3,3',4,4' - pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB #105) should not exceed 0.09 ng/L
- 3,3',4,4',5,5 - hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB #169) should not exceed 0.06 ng/L
- 3,3',4,4',5 - pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB #126) should not exceed 0.00025 ng/L

The criteria recommended above are more restrictive than the CCREM (1987) and CCME (1991) guidelines of 1.0 ng PCBs/L (freshwater) and 10.0 ng PCBs/L (marine water) for the protection of aquatic life. The CCREM and CCME guidelines were designed to protect aquatic biota from toxic effects of PCBs, rather than to protect consumers of PCB contaminated foods; hence their guidelines are less restrictive than ours.

2.2 Fish and Shellfish

To protect wildlife dependent on aquatic life for food, it is recommended that the total concentration of PCBs in whole fish and/or shellfish should not exceed 0.1 µg/g wet weight.

To protect human consumers from PCB residue in aquatic life, it is recommended that the concentration of PCBs in the edible portion of fish and/or shellfish should not exceed 2.0 µg/g wet weight.

This is consistent with the Health and Welfare Canada guideline.

CCREM (1987) did not recommend a PCB guideline for fish or shellfish to protect wildlife dependent on aquatic life.

2.3 Sediment

To protect aquatic life and consumers of aquatic life (e.g., wildlife), it is recommended that the concentration of PCBs in freshwater and marine sediments containing 1.0% organic carbon should not exceed 0.02 µg/g-sediment (dry weight) (or 2 µg/g-organic carbon, when expressed on an organic carbon basis).

For a sediment with organic carbon content different from the 1.0 % level, an appropriate criterion can be obtained by multiplying the recommended criterion (i.e., 0.02 µg/g-sediment) with the actual organic carbon content for the sediment.

CCREM (1987) did not recommend a PCB guideline for aquatic sediments to protect aquatic life and consumers of aquatic life.

Application of the Guidelines

1. FORMS OF PCBs

Toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls has been expressed in terms of both total and some selected congener-specific concentrations. In general, the measurement of total concentration will provide adequate protection against adverse effects of PCBs as long as the criteria for total PCBs are met. Where adverse effects due to PCBs are suspected despite the fact that criteria for total PCBs in water are met, congener-specific analyses are recommended. The most critical PCB congeners are those listed in Table 1. Additionally, PCBs in aquatic organisms (e.g., fish) and sediment should also be measured when investigating PCB contamination problems.

2. ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING WATER QUALITY

The criteria recommended in this document are primarily based on laboratory bioassays, which are usually performed under controlled conditions. Aquatic organisms in the natural environment, however, obtain their PCB burden from both water and food. Also, PCBs associated with the sediment fraction could become available to the organisms under favourable environmental conditions. Thus a measurement of total PCBs in water alone cannot be taken as a true measure of a PCB problem in a given waterbody. Other assessment techniques include measurement of PCBs in fish and/or sediment, and long-term bioassays with resident species using local water. The guidelines for PCBs in fish and sediment can be used for the assessment of existing water quality. Long-term bioassays are complex and costly; they should be reserved for waterbodies with high fisheries values which are threatened by a controllable source.

3. SETTING WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES

PCBs are synthetic chemicals and do not exist naturally in the environment. When concentrations of total PCBs in undeveloped waterbodies are less than the criteria levels, then the criteria, or more stringent values if justified, should apply. In some cases, socioeconomic or other factors may justify objectives which are less stringent than the criteria. Site-specific impact studies would be required in such cases.

联关内容

多氯联苯(Polychlorinated Biphenyls)

注意：多氯联苯为一致癌之毒性液体，当发生紧急事件，毒性将为救灾之主要考量因素。

一、物质辨识数据表

项目	内容
同义名词	PCBs、Aroclor
化学式	C12H₄Cl₆
化学文摘命名号码(CAS No.)	1336-36-3
联合国编号(UN Number)	2315
危害性分类	9(毒性物质)

二、物性、化性与灾害资料

　　多氯联苯为一具致癌性之毒性液体，重要特性如下：

1.物性表

项目	物性资料
颜色	淡黄色或无色
性状	液体或固体
气味	无味至微弱之苦味
沸点	325～366℃
比重	1.4～1.5
蒸气压	0.06mmHg@25℃
蒸气密度	1.381 (Aroclor 1242)
水中溶解度	随氯化程度增加而递减，Aroclor1254为70ppb

2.化性表

项目	化性资料
腐蚀性	会腐蚀某些塑料、橡胶和涂膜
危害性聚合	无
感旋光性	无
反应性与不兼容性	与液氯产生放热反应
分解性	火场中可能产生毒性戴奥辛等气体

3.灾害资料表

项目	灾害资料
闪火点	大于141～196℃
自燃温度	－
可燃范围	－

4.健康危害资料表

项目	健康危害资料
容许浓度	0.01 mg/m3 (皮)
动物半致死剂量(LD50)	1900mg/kg(大鼠、吞食)
动物半致死浓度(LC50)	－
立即危害浓度(IDLH)	5～10mg/m3
致癌性分类	2A－疑似人体致癌性
催吐剂	硅酸铝、活性碳

三、防灾设备

多氯联苯之救灾需针对人员防护、火灾爆炸预防及泄漏预控制等方面选用适当防灾器材设备：

1.个人防护设备

使用范围	设备规格
任何可侦测到的浓度	¤呼吸防护具： (1)正压式全面型自携式呼吸防护具 (2)正压式全面型供气式呼吸防护具辅以正压型自携式呼吸防护具 ¤防渗手套、衣物 ¤防溅安全护目镜
逃生	(1)含有机蒸气滤罐之气体面罩 (2)逃生型自携式呼吸防护具

2.侦测及警报设备

侦测对象	设备	侦测范围
毒性浓度	－	－
可燃性浓度	携带式或固定式可燃性气体侦测器以侦测周遭之可燃性气体浓度	0～100%LEL

3.处理设备

设备名称	功能	规格或用途
吸收体	救漏除污	(1)撒吸附剂(如蛭石、活性碳、木屑等) (2)用通用型吸收棉围堵

四、中毒之症状

序氯联苯可经由呼吸、接触与食入引起人体中毒，中毒症状如下：

急性：毒性相当低。

慢性：1.初期无甚特别，通常有疲倦、食欲不振、恶心、呕吐、手脚肿胀等情形，跟着而来比较特殊之症状，常见者有分泌乳略状眼屎，似青春痘斑疹、痉疮样丘疹、指甲、皮肤、齿龈和嘴唇发黑及眼、皮睑板腺肿胀等。

2.孕妇有发生流产或畸胎之危害。

五、急救方式

多氯联苯之抢救者须按前述救灾设备中之个人防护设备完整穿戴，方可进入灾区救人。首先将患者迅速搬离现场至通风处，再检查患者之中毒症状，判断出中毒路径给予适当之救护（参见图16.1)。

1.中毒急救基本处理原则

检查项目

急救原则

眼睛

呼吸、心跳

(1)不管吸入性、接触性或食入性中毒之伤害，均可先给予100%氧气。

(2)若意识不清，则将患者置于复苏姿势，不可喂食。

(3)若无呼吸、心跳停止，立即施予心肺复苏术(CPR)。

(4)立即请人帮忙打电话给119求救。

(5)立即送医，并告知医疗人员，曾接触1-胺。

(6)救护人员到达前，则依下列2, 3, 4, 5项处理。

2.吸入性伤害之急救

急救顺序	步骤
立即处置	(1)依基本处理原则处置。
后续处置	立即送医。

3.皮肤接触性伤害之急救

急救顺序	步骤
立即处置	(1)立即用肥皂或中性清洁剂和水清洗。 (2)若渗透衣物，立即脱掉衣物，再以肥皂和水清洗。 (3)冲洗时间应超过15分钟。
后续处置	立即送医。

4.眼睛接触性伤害之急救

急救顺序	步骤
立即处置	(1)立即撑开眼皮，以大量水冲洗。 (2)冲洗时间至少超过15分钟。
后续处置	立即送医。

5.食入性伤害之急救

急救顺序	步骤
立即处置	(1)首先可使用呕吐剂、使用手指或饮用温盐水再使毒物吐出。 (2)再继以使用泻盐亦有帮助。 (3)也可抑制多氯联苯在体内被吸收，可使用硅酸铝及活性碳加水吞服。
后续处置	立即送医。

图16.1 多氯联苯中毒到医院前之紧急救护流程图

六、灾害状况判断及应对措施

状况	应对措施
泄漏	(1)泄漏时，应紧急封锁隔离泄漏液周围10-25公尺内之范围。 (2)切断所有引火源。 (3)保持人员位于上风处及远离低洼处。 (4)进入危险区域观察前，须按前述救灾设备中之个人防护设备完整穿戴。 (5)更大量之泄漏，疏散距离应再加倍。
火灾	(1)紧急封锁隔离火场四周10-25公尺范围。 (2)保持人员位于上风处及远离低洼处。 (3)进入危险区域观察前，须按前述救灾设备中之个人防护设备完整穿戴。 (4)由近而远，逐一疏散四周800公尺与火灾浓烟影响范围内之居民或通报居民留在室内、门窗紧闭。 (5)大量泄漏所引起之火灾，疏散距离应再加倍。

七、救灾方式及灾后处理

1.泄漏之救灾

严重度	应对措施
小量	(1)限制进入泄漏区。 (2)考虑合适区域中设置除污站。 (3)在安全许可下，设置阻漏或减少泄漏。 (4)利用至石、干砂、泥土或类似物质吸收或回收外泄物。
大量	(1)建立除污区及支持区，限制进入泄漏区。 (2)在液体远程筑防堤围堵，收集于适当容器中。

2.火灾之救灾

应对措施

(1)在安全许可下，将容器移离火场中。

(2)不可用高压水柱造成外泄物四溅。

(3)设防液堤保存救火用水，以利日后处理。

3.灾后之处理

(1)废弃之多氯联苯，须依废弃物清理法中关于有害事业废弃物规定清理。

(2)可采用焚化法或卫生掩埋法处理。

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